A Review of The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo - 1165 Words

There have been few works of popular literature written in the new century which have so accurately captured the conflicted state of feminist identity in todays modern corporate culture that Stieg Larssons 2005 novel The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo. Written in a searing tone which is representative of the repressed rage exuded by Lisbeth Salander, the enigmatic heroine who suffers atrocious crimes at the hand of powerful men and wields a sadistic sense of vigilante-style vengeance against those who victimize innocent women, Larssons first installment in the wildly popular Millennium Series trilogy is an intensely evocative work of hyperrealism. Standing as a stark symbol of feminist aggression personified, Lisbeth Salander is described as a pale, anorexic young woman who had hair as short as a fuse, and a pierced nose and eyebrow (with) a dragon tattoo on her left shoulder blade (Thorsson, 32), and this initially incongruous image is soon reflected against her smoldering internal int ensity. As the reader is drawn inexorably inside Salanders increasingly complex psyche, witnessing both the brutality she is subjected to and the savagery she is capable of, deciphering the meaning of her mysterious tattoos, particularly the intricately drawn dragon which swathes her sinuous frame, becomes central to understanding her true character. The latent of symbolism contained within Lisbeth Salanders collage of body art is made evidently clear after she becomes the victim ofShow MoreRelatedThe Evolution of Film-Making Technology1417 Words   |  6 Pagesalso allowed them to also use all of their 35mm lenses which totalled in the thousands. Panavison teamed up with Sony and designed the electronics creating the first full frame digital camera for making feature films. Although the camera had mixed reviews, the 35mm sensor unlike the Vipers 2/3† sensor and the fact that it took Panavision lenses allowed the camera to give the almost same depth of field and look as you g et with 35mm film. The cons about the Genesis was the weight, the camera weighedRead MoreThe Style Of David Fincher s Se7en1386 Words   |  6 Pagesaudience more than any other film category. On a personal level, mystery and suspense have been a personal favourite when it comes to selecting a movie genre. Therefore, selecting se7evn was an easy choice. In addition the movie has received rave reviews from the critiques and was also nominated for an Oscar for best film editing. The crime scenes depicted an elaborate fictional setting, which showed the prowess of the makeup and costume design artists. The background soundtrack complemented variousRead MoreFilm Review Of The Movie The Curious Case Of Benjamin Button1863 Words   |  8 Pages Film Review â€Å"The Curious Case of Benjamin Button† Is a wonderful movie to watch. Although it isn’t something that happens in real life it is still incredibly relatable. It tells a story that hasn’t really been done, that’s a good thing because it makes the movie unpredictable. This movie is loosely based on the book F. Scott Fitzgerald’s story. It was directed by David Fincher. Summary The movie open’s somewhere in the early 2000’s. An elderly women, Daisy Fuller, was laying in a hospital bed withRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 PagesSamuel Adams had received since 1984. It was not only voted the Best Beer in America four times at the annual Great American Beer Festival, but also received six gold medals in blind tastings. 1 2 Jenny McCune, â€Å"Brewing Up Profits,† Management Review, April 1994, p. 18. Ibid., p. 19. 50 †¢ Chapter 4: Boston Beer—Is Greater Growth Possible? In April 1994, Jim Koch and two of his brewmasters were testing their entry into the Great American Beer Festival: â€Å"Triple Bock.† They had not yet tried

Emotional Intelligence Can It Be Taught At Distance...

Emotional Intelligence Students Name University Name, Course Number Emotional Intelligence: Can it be taught in Distance Learning MBA Programs? Today, managers need more than just top notch technical and intellectual skills. Leaders in healthcare, business and technology are learning that successful managers need high Emotional Quotient (EQ) or Emotional Intelligence (EI) to work effectively. This paper will define EQ and EI and then explore why these skills improve workplace functioning. This paper will also explore whether distance learning programs can effectively teach EI to managers. Emotional intelligence is the ability to accurately perceive emotions in self and others, to identify different emotional responses, and to use emotional information to make intelligent decisions. (McCarthy, 2000) A leading expert on EI finds that â€Å"people good at managing relationships tend also to be self-aware, self-regulating and empathetic.† (Goleman, 1999, p. 8) EI is especially important â€Å"at the highest levels of the company, where differences in technical skills are of negligible importance. In other words, the higher the rank of the person considered to be a star performer, the more emotional intelligence capabilities showed up as the reason for his or her effectiveness.† (Goleman, 1986, p. 94) Emotional intelligence is a crucial component of a successful business career and for effective group performance (Goleman, 1986). 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Child Abuse Research Paper free essay sample

Child Abuse is an issue that affects all kinds of people worldwide something’s we fail to do is recognized the signs, try to prevent the abuse, and get people the proper help and treatment they need to recover. According to Tollefson (2011) Child abuse generally refers to mistreatment of a child by a parent or another adult. However, there is no standard definition of child abuse. A narrow definition is limited to life-threatening physical violence. Such violence might include severe beatings, burns, and strangulation. A broader definition includes any treatment that may harm a child. No one knows how many instances of child abuse occur each year because many cases of child abuse are never reported. Child abuse takes many forms. It includes physical, emotional, and sexual abuse. Another form of child abuse is neglect. Neglect is the failure of a parent or caregiver to provide for the basic needs of a child. It is the most common form of child abuse (Tollefson, 2011). Whether you are the abuser or the victim, both parties need to be treated in order to be able to heal. There are many ways in which someone can recognize abuse exist within a family, but we just fail to see the signs. One must have situational awareness in order to be able to see the signs. There is many ways to recognized sexually abused children. Sexually abused children will sometimes act out sexual, they can become hostile and aggressive, you can start noticing changes in their behavior, and they can become reluctant or fear certain places or people. Some may develop advance sexual knowledge. Physically abused children will often wear clothing that will allow them to hide their injuries, marks or scars. Some may show no distress or little distress when separated from parents. And their alertness for possible danger may become heighten. Besides recognizing children that are being abused, there are also ways to detect and become aware of the offenders too. Some offenders behavior can vary and change, but some of these signs for the sexual abuse offender might be that they are extremely over protective towards their child, may show great parental dominance in the home, could have been a victim themselves when they were a child. They can also see their children seductively and refer to their children in sexual manners. And the most common one is those who like to spent a lot of time with children and inviting children to their home. For offenders that like to physically abuse children some may also have a history of sexual abuse, blame their child for their hardship and misery, constantly emphasizing bad qualities instead of good ones. They will also use harsh discipline or offense not appropriate or accordingly to that Childs age. And the most obvious one will be showing no concern about their child, treatment, injuries, and health. A neglected child is another form of recognizing child abuse. Some signs of neglected child is a chi that is frequently absent from school, will beg or even steal food or money, shows lack of medical care, a child who is dirty and possesses a bad odor, lack of food and clothing. Besides recognizing a neglect child you can also recognize a neglectful parent. A neglectful parent will appeared indifferent of their child, will seem depress or even apathetic, will sometimes behave irrational and may be abusing alcohol or drugs. Abusing alcohol and drug as a neglectful parent can contribute for a child to also abuse and seek refuge in alcohol and drugs. Overall according to Crosson-Tower (2009) Neglect of children is a result of parental failure to meet basic human needs— adequate food, shelter, safety, and affection. Several authors have attempted to define neglect— first by the creation of the Childhood Level of Living Scale, developed by Polansky and col-leagues, and later by the creation of Trocme’s Child Neglect Index. It is difficult to determine the cause or causes of neglect. Some theorists feel the economic factors should be considered, along with deficits in the personality structure of the parent. Today, many theorists favor an ecological view— that is, the parent within the con-text of the environment. Children who have been neglected demonstrate retarded growth, poor motor and language development, flat affect, indications of malnutrition, unattended medical problems, and an inability to conceptualize. Older children often seek early emancipation and may begin the cycle all over again. Neglectful parents are largely children themselves. Their infantile personalities seem to be largely the result of their own unmet childhood needs. They are isolated, have difficulty maintaining relationships, are verbally inaccessible, and lack the knowledge, judgment, and maturation to adequately parent their children. From their studies of neglectful mothers, Polansky and colleagues identified five types of personalities: the apathetic–futile, the impulse ridden, the woman in reactive depression, the mentally retarded, and the psychotic. Parents may also neglect (or abuse) under the influence of drugs or alcohol. Neglect may also go hand in hand with domestic violence. Knowledge about maltreatment is increasing. We need to strive to understand the large numbers of neglectful families and, by understanding, hope to break the cycle (Crosson-Tower, 2009, p. 92). Now that we can understand and become of aware and are able to recognize abuse we have to be able to prevent the abuse from happening or continuing. We need to understand child prevention and what do to when a child is at risk. Public awareness is a good way to prevent child abuse; getting the pubic involved and feeding them with the right information will educate them and help them understand child abuse and the signs. Another way of prevention is to educate the children. I strongly believe child abuse prevention counseling should be given in every school. It helps us educate these children, help them cope, understand, while also given them options. Educating children so they won’t be susceptible to this behavior and know they have someone they can know there is help out there, to help them not be a victim of child abuse. Child abuse can also be prevented by prevention programs. An example of a child abuse prevention program is CAPP, its mission is to make sure all children have the right to safety in order for them to strive and grow. They teach children to recognize, resist and report physical and sexual abuse. This program has helped over 400,000 New York City school children. Crosson-Tower (2009) states Prevention efforts must also be directed toward families. Parenting education enables parents to perform their roles more effectively and can alleviate some of the stresses unsure parents feel. High-risk parents can be identified by medical, social services, or school personnel and can be offered additional resources. Parent support groups can promote more positive parenting if directed at specific behaviors. Such support, as well as culturally specific information, should be given to immigrant parents to help them understand appropriate and inappropriate child management practices. Parents who educate their children about potential sexual abuse make them less vulnerable to the advances of an abuser. Allied professionals are becoming more aware of the need for prevention, but they need to concentrate on combating child pornography. Engaging teams of professionals and laypeople in prevention efforts should begin to make our communities safer places in which children can grow. But this commitment must be community wide in order to make a significant impact. (Crosson-Tower, 2009, p. 414). Once we recognize and start preventing child abuse the final step is the recovery process and treatments for both the abuser and the victim. In order to properly treat and help families is to provide treatment to the child being abuse and the offender. We must understand that even though we have our own opinions, and cultural beliefs a majority of these offenders were either sexually abused or physically abused some time in their life time. We must also understand it is critical to provide abuse children with the right treatment in order to help them heal and most important preventing them from later on the line becoming an offender themselves. Some ways to help both child and parent recover are counseling to help them deal and aid in the psychological effect. Medical help can also be a good form to aid children who are physically abused, and also to help heal those sexually abuse offender, like men who can get the depo-vera shot in order to minimize and lower their sexual urges. Another way of helping a child recover from abuse is to remove the cild from that environment. Although it can have a great impact on both child and parent, sometimes removing the child from that environment is the best option, some might be looked after by other family members and others will go into foster care. Crosson-Tower (2009)The primary goal with physically abusive parents is to stop the battering. In addition, it is hoped that these parents develop coping skills for the future. Treatment for the child necessitates attention to the medical problem resulting from the abuse, providing a safer environment, and attending to the psychological scars from the abuse. Treatment of the parents necessitates patience and understanding. They must learn to trust the helper and learn to cope with the frustrations of their own lives in order to nurture their children. Such issues as symbiosis, isolation, poor self- concept, and impulse control must be addressed in treatment. The services for abusive parents may include group or individual therapy, marital therapy, the use of homemakers and parent aides, and participation in self- help groups such as Parents Anonymous. Ideally, cases are not closed until the battering has ceased and parents have developed coping mechanisms to deal with their frustrations (Crosson-Tower, 2009, p. 414). Child abuse is a worldwide issues that has been going on for centuries, whether a child is being physically abused or sexual abuse public awareness has to continue in order to help the recognition of abuse, the prevention of abuse, and the recovery phase of abuse. Child abuse is not something that should be taken lightly and be dismissed because child abuse can lead to death. The National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS) reported an estimated 1,770 child fatalities in 2009. This translates to a rate of 2. 34 children per 100,000 children in the general population. NCANDS defines â€Å"child fatality† as the death of a child caused by an injury resulting from abuse or neglect, or where abuse or neglect was a contributing factor.

Information systems and fundamentals

Executive Summary This report begins by describing the importance of information to an organization. It continues byemphasizing on the need for information systems in proper and effective management of this information.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Information systems and fundamentals specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In response to the first and second question in assessment 2 this report contains in its appendix a context diagram and a level zero data flow diagram (DFD) obtained from an analysis of the current scenario at the manufacturing company aimed at identifying information bottlenecks that exist. In response to the third and fourth question of assessment 2 the topic of ethics is introduced and the principles of ethics involved in scenario part B stated and explained. This report concludes thatorganizations should incorporate information systems so as to better manage their information. However, before incorporating them they should carry out a scenario analysis so as to ensure that functional requirements of the system are known. Introduction The importance of information to an organization can be likened to that of blood in a human being. An organization that manages and protects its information well is more likely to achieve its mission as it is outlined in its mission statement than one which does not. Information systems are the means through which organizations manage and protect their information. Information systems enable organizations to fit in the dynamic context (market) their find themselves in and in addition enable them to maintain knowledge of their internal workings.Advertising Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Basically, the mechanism of an information system consists of hardware and software that creates and stores a log of other vital systems in the organization , which are known as target systems. An example of a target system can be the human resource system in an organization. According to Shelly, Cashman and Vermaat, five types of information systems exist (1999). The first three types are office information systems, transaction processing systems and management information systems. The fourth and fifth types of information systems are decision support systems and expert systems. Discussion A context diagram also known as a level zero data flow diagram (DFD) is a DFD with a single massive central process that is the relationship between all the entities involved (SmartDraw, 2012). Context diagrams are critical in ensuring that the scope of analysis is limited to the system or scenario under investigation (Precision Quality Software, 2011). Context diagrams are also essential because they ensure that the functional requirements of a system that is to be created to solve a given problem are not overlooked (Precision Quality Software, 2011 ). A typical context diagram comprises of external entities, a single massive central process, data flows and /or resource flows(SmartDraw, 2012). Appendix A and appendix B show the context diagram and level zero data flow diagram of the scenario at the manufacturing company as it is described in scenario part A of assessment 2.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Information systems and fundamentals specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These two diagrams are the end result of an analysis aimed at identifying the information bottlenecks at the manufacturing company. The rectangles in the context diagram and level zero data flow diagram represent external entities, the circle represents the single massive central process and the arrows represent the data and/or resource flow. The external entities comprise the various departments of the manufacturing company (e.g. Accounts, Marketing, RD, HR), company staff, company gen eral manager and government departments. The single massive central process is an information system. As pointed out above, the information system connects all these external entities together. One flow of data is between the information system and the Accounts, Manufacturing, RD and Marketing departments. These departments request weekly reports showing for each staff member, annual and sick leave due and taken, any staff member who will be due for long service leave within the next six months and the total wages bill for that department, Month-to-Date and Year-to-Date. The information system accepts these requests, processes them, generates the reports and sends them to the relevant department. Another flow of data is between the information system and company’s staff. Company staff invoke queries against the information system so as to viewwage and leave information.Advertising Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The information system accepts these queries, processes them and returns results for each query. Another flow of information exists between the information system and the company’s Human Resource (HR) department. The information system ensures that staff wage and leave requests go directly to the HR department. The information system also ensures that the HR department is notified on any resignations or vacant positions in the Accounts, Manufacturing, RD and Marketing departments. The information system in addition to these allows the HR department to store and maintain a file of rates from the different advertising newspapers and journals. Another information flow exists between the information system and government departments. This information flow ensures that the government departments receive monthly notifications on staff statistics. The final information flow is between the information system and the company’s general manager. This information flow ensures that the general manager requests and receives summarized weekly and monthly departmental reports. Copyright laws in Australia give the owner of the copyright exclusive rights to his or her works and state clearly that any other person who wishes to use copyrighted work in a manner not accommodated in the laws should obtain permission from the owner (Australian Copyright Council, 2007). The copyright laws proceed to state thatuse or reproduction of essential parts of copyrighted work without the owner’s permission amounts to infringement of copyright laws(Australian Copyright Council, 2007). Another way in which infringement of the copyright laws occurs is when an entity authorizes infringement(Australian Copyright Council, 2007). Authorization of infringement occurs when an entity endorses work that that is in itself an infringement of Australian copyright laws(Australian Copyright Council, 2007). Authorization of infringement also occurs when an entity abets another entity to i nfringe Australian copyright laws(Australian Copyright Council, 2007). Another way in which infringement of Australian copyright laws occurs is when an entity imports certain types of items that contain material that is copyrighted(Australian Copyright Council, 2007). Lastly, infringement of Australian copyright laws also occurs when an entity sells material that is itself an infringement of the laws or sells items that contain material that infringes the laws(Australian Copyright Council, 2007). The video by Shane Warne discussed in scenario part B of assessment 2 is protected by the Australian copyright law on films, sound recordings, broadcasts and published editions. As such Shane Warne possesses exclusive rights to its reproduction. In a business context ethics enlighten an organization on the acceptable behavior to adopt in pursuing its interests at the point in which the organization may held accountable for its actions by another entity (MacDonald, n.d.). A lack of ethics ca n be detrimental to an organization as any action it takes that involves other external entities places it at the risk of lawsuits. The lawsuits can significantly cut down on the profits of the organization. According to the ACS code of ethics one ethical principle involved in the scenario discussed in the second part of assessment 2 is adhering tothe Australian laws (Australian Computer Society Inc., 2012). The ACS code of ethics states that its members should adhere to the Australian laws. Another ethical principle involved is the ability of its members to put the interests of the public first, that is, their own interests (business or not) should come second(Australian Computer Society Inc., 2012).This ethical principle ensures the safeguarding of the interests of immediate stakeholders. Another ethical principle outlined in ACS code of ethics that is involved in the scenario discussed in the second part of assessment 2 is honesty and trustworthiness(Australian Computer Society I nc., 2012). The ACS code of ethics points out thathonesty and trustworthiness is one way in which to avoid conflict of interests. Another ethical principle outlined in ACS code of ethics that is involved in the scenario discussed in the second part of assessment 2 is honoring of property rights, which includes copyrights and patents. The ACS code of ethics preaches that behavior that leads to and that encourages violation of property rights is unprofessional and should be avoided. The ACS code of ethics additionally underpins the importance of seeking authorization from the owners of copyrighted materials before creating a duplicate of copyrighted material. Another ethical principle outlined in ACS code of ethics that is involved in the scenario discussed in the second part of assessment 2 is giving proper and deserved credit to the owners of intellectual property(Australian Computer Society Inc., 2012). The ACS code of ethics preaches that is proper discipline to give proper credit to the owners of intellectual property even if the property is not protected by Australian copyright or patent laws. Recommendations This report recommends that Helen backs Sally’s option of purchasing Shane Warne’s video. This is because Sally’s option is more ethical compared to Chen’s option. Sally’s option endorses all of the ethical principles discussed above. Chen’s option encourages infringement of Australian copyright laws as well as disregards the ethical principles outlined above and therefore this report does not recommend it to Helen. Conclusion This report concludes that organizations should incorporate information systems so as to better manage and protect their information. Before incorporating the information system it is imperative for the organization to do a scenario analysis and come up with context diagrams so as to ensure that all the functional requirements of the system are known. References Australian Copyright Coun cil, 2007, An Introduction to Copyright in Australia. Web. Australian Computer Society Inc., 2012, ACS Code of Ethics and Code of Conduct.  Web. MacDonald, C., Definition: business ethics. Web. Precision Quality Software, 2011, Context Diagrams: an explanation. Web. Shelly, Cashman and Vermaat, 1999, Types of information systems. Web. Smart Draw 2012, Context diagrams. Web. Appendix Appendix A Context diagram Appendix B Level zero Dataflow diagram This report on Information systems and fundamentals was written and submitted by user Leilani Pennington to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Atomic Mass Unit Definition (AMU)

Atomic Mass Unit Definition (AMU) In chemistry, an atomic mass unit or AMUÂ  is a physical constant equal to one-twelfth of the mass of an unbound atom of carbon-12. It is a unit of mass used to express atomic masses and molecular masses. When the mass is expressed in AMU, it roughly reflects the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus (electrons have so much less mass that they are assumed to have a negligible effect). The symbol for the unit is u (unified atomic mass unit) or Da (Dalton), although AMUÂ  may still be used. 1 u 1 Da 1 amu (in modern usage) 1 g/mol Also Known As:Â  unified atomic mass unit (u), Dalton (Da), universal mass unit, either amu or AMU is an acceptable acronym for atomic mass unit The unified atomic mass unit is a physical constant that is accepted for use in the SI measurement system. It replaces the atomic mass unit (without the unified part) and is the mass of one nucleon (either a proton or a neutron) of a neutral carbon-12 atom in its ground state. Technically, the amu is the unit that was based on oxygen-16 until 1961, when it was redefined based on carbon-12. Today, people use the phrase atomic mass unit, but what they mean is unified atomic mass unit. One unified atomic mass unit is equal to: 1.66 yoctograms1.66053904020 x 10-27 kg1.66053904020 x 10-24 g931.49409511 MeV/c21822.8839 me History of the Atomic Mass Unit John Dalton first suggested a means of expressing relative atomic mass in 1803. He proposed the use of hydrogen-1 (protium). Wilhelm Ostwald suggested that relative atomic mass would be better if expressed in terms of 1/16th the mass of oxygen. When the existence of isotopes was discovered in 1912 and isotopic oxygen in 1929, the definition based on oxygen became confusing. Some scientists used an AMU based on the natural abundance of oxygen, while others used an AMU based on the oxygen-16 isotope. So, in 1961 the decision was made to use carbon-12 as the basis for the unit (to avoid any confusion with an oxygen-defined unit). The new unit was given the symbol u to replace amu, plus some scientists called the new unit a Dalton. However, u and Da were not universally adopted. Many scientists kept using the amu, just recognizing it was now based on carbon rather than oxygen. At present, values expressed in u, AMU, amu, and Da all describe the exact same measure. Examples of Values Expressed in Atomic Mass Units A hydrogen-1 atom has a mass of 1.007 u (or Da or amu).A carbon-12 atom is defined as having a mass of 12 u.The largest known protein, titin, has a mass of 3 x 106 Da.AMU is used to differentiate between isotopes. An atom of U-235, for example, has a lower AMU than one of U-238, since they differ by the number of neutrons in the atom.

Free Essays on Modern Working Mother

Working Mothers Many women today are facing choices that their mothers never had to face. One of these choices is whether or not to go back to work after having a child. This was practically unheard of in the 1950's. In the 1990's it is not whether the mother will or will not go back to work, rather a question of when. When did the choice become set in stone? Why do the mothers of today have to work outside the home versus working in the home, much like their mothers did. When one thinks of the subject of working mothers, many differing opinions come to mind. What will happen to the child, will the mother have sufficient time to bond with the baby, how will household chores be divided, and so on. When thinking of working women, two models come to mind. One of which is paid employment that has a protective and beneficial mediating effect. Employment protects women against certain negative aspects of being full-time homemakers and mothers, such as monotonous housework, dependence on the male partner for financial and emotional support, increases self-esteem because they are contributing to the world they live in. These women receive a renewed interest in life because they are in the thick of it. They are living life to the fullest. This model is the one that is constantly referred to as â€Å"bad† because it paints the woman as someone who does not really care about the effect of working will have on the baby. In fact, most of these mothers have made this choice with painstaking care. They are constantly feeling what e veryone is thinking, and this in turn causes undue stress on these mothers. The other model working mothers. This model is one of a woman having too many demands of her housewife, mother and paid employee - which may lead to role strain due to fatigue and role overload. The competing demands of such roles may also lead to conflict and psychological stress. Both of these models can be seen in the working mo... Free Essays on Modern Working Mother Free Essays on Modern Working Mother Working Mothers Many women today are facing choices that their mothers never had to face. One of these choices is whether or not to go back to work after having a child. This was practically unheard of in the 1950's. In the 1990's it is not whether the mother will or will not go back to work, rather a question of when. When did the choice become set in stone? Why do the mothers of today have to work outside the home versus working in the home, much like their mothers did. When one thinks of the subject of working mothers, many differing opinions come to mind. What will happen to the child, will the mother have sufficient time to bond with the baby, how will household chores be divided, and so on. When thinking of working women, two models come to mind. One of which is paid employment that has a protective and beneficial mediating effect. Employment protects women against certain negative aspects of being full-time homemakers and mothers, such as monotonous housework, dependence on the male partner for financial and emotional support, increases self-esteem because they are contributing to the world they live in. These women receive a renewed interest in life because they are in the thick of it. They are living life to the fullest. This model is the one that is constantly referred to as â€Å"bad† because it paints the woman as someone who does not really care about the effect of working will have on the baby. In fact, most of these mothers have made this choice with painstaking care. They are constantly feeling what e veryone is thinking, and this in turn causes undue stress on these mothers. The other model working mothers. This model is one of a woman having too many demands of her housewife, mother and paid employee - which may lead to role strain due to fatigue and role overload. The competing demands of such roles may also lead to conflict and psychological stress. Both of these models can be seen in the working mo...

Book- Corrections The Essentials, author - Mary k. Stohr, Anthony Essay

Book- Corrections The Essentials, author - Mary k. Stohr, Anthony Walsh - Essay Example However, deterrence holds that the level of punishment depends on the gravity of the crime. Given the ability to calculate the possible gains and pain, the potential of the preventive effect expected from this form of punishment might not be applicable when the criminal looks forwards to achieving more gain than pain. Rehabilitation involves the reintegration of a convicted person back to society using treatment programs essential for stopping offenders from continuing with their criminal behavior. The assumption is that criminal behavior emanates from factors such as an individual’s psychological development, social surrounding and his or her biological makeup. For this reason, the justification behind it is that it is vital for improving compliance since the programs used empower the criminal to learn suitable behavioral skills. Incapacitation involves making it legally impossible for criminals to victimize people by locking them up in prison. Since the criminals are not in a position to harm those outside the prison walls, it is a good strategy for defending possible victims. In this case, the criminal incapacitation forcefully prevents a criminal from exercising criminal tendencies, which is vital for ensuring the safety to innocent

IEEE 802.11 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

IEEE 802.11 - Research Paper Example Wireless uses radio waves in the transmission. Wireless LAN deals with two lower layers of the Open System Interconnection (OSI) which are the physical and data-link layers. I will briefly discuss three physical specifications of the physical layer: 802.11b: 802.11b was released in 1999 and uses DSSS that provide higher bit rate. The transmission of the data can reach 11 Mbps. It operates in 2.4 GHz range. 802.11a: 802.11a was released in 2001 and uses OFDM. The transmission of the data can reach 54 Mbps. It operates in 5 GHz range 802.11g: 802.11g uses OFDM. The transmission of the data can reach 22 Mbps. It operates in 2.4 GHz range. (21) IEEE 802.11 Security: 7 Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP): IEEE released Wired Equivalent Privacy protocol what is known as WEP for the security 802.11 standard in 1990 (15) .WEP was designed to make the communication through wireless safe and secured as much as it is in the wired local area network. WEP provides authentication and confidentiality to the security of the wireless network (21). WEP was developed on the base of RC4 stream cipher. In the encryption and decryption the same secret key must be used (1). The wireless device and the access point must have the same secret key (4). ... The process of WEP authentication is as shown in the figure: Retrieved from VoCAL (2012). The figure is taken from this website: http://www.vocal.com/secure-communication/wired-equivalent-privacy-wep/ 1. The authentication is sent from the wireless station to the access point. 2. The access point responds with challenge text sent to the wireless station. 3. The wireless station encrypts the challenge text and then sends it to the access point. 4. Finally, â€Å"If the access point can decrypt the authentication request and retrieve the original challenge text, then it responds with an authentication response that grants the client access† so the secret key in both sides should match each other. (11) The encryption of the data that are transferred between the wireless station and the access point in the WEP uses RC4 stream cipher. The process of WEP encryption is as shown in the figure: WEP uses CRC for the data integrity. WEP performs CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) checksum ope ration on the plaintext and generates CRC value. This CRC value is concatenated to the plaintext. The secret key is concatenated to the Initialization Vector (IV) and fed into the RC4. Based on the secret key and IV, RC4 generates key stream. The key stream and plain text + CRC message is XOR'ed together. The result is the cipher text. The same Initialization Vector that was used before is pre pended in clear text to the resultant cipher text. The IV + Cipher text along with the frame headers are then transmitted over the air. (13). The shared key in WEP never changes again, and it is used for authentication and encryption which is the problem (13). WEP problems: The major problem in WEP in terms of security is that the wireless

‘Strategic Hrm and Performance Essay Example for Free

‘Strategic Hrm and Performance Essay The people in an organization are considered to be one of the most valuable resources of today’s firms. Other resources such as brands, products, processes, technological advancement, economies of scale can still provide a competitive advantage but an organisation’s human capital are more vital for its sustainability. The idea that an organisation’s Human Resource can play a strategic role in determining its success has led to the development of a field of research commonly referred to as Strategic Human Resource Management. The understanding of the causal relationship between HR and organisational performance helps HR managers to design policies that will bring forth better operational efficiency to achieve higher organizational performance. The emergence of ‘strategic’ HRM represents a paradigm shift from the traditional HRM models. It is concerned more specifically with the relationship between HRM and the strategic context. (Wood, Holman and Stride, 2006: 100) HR practices are the main tool which an organisation can use to change the pool of human capital as well as an attempt to shift and align organisational behaviours which leads to organisational success. The skills, behaviour and attitudes of employees must fit the strategic needs of the firm in order for it to develop a competitive advantage. However, the singular focus on the strategic interests of an organisation have been criticised by some who suggest that this may be to the detriment of the employees (Van Buren, Greenwood and Sheehan, 2011: 209) There has been a steady growth over the last two decades of research literature around  strategic HRM and according to Gooderham, Parry and Ringdal (2008: 2042), this can be broadly divided into three main kinds of theories Universalistic, Contingency and Configurational. Universalistic theories have an underlying assumption that there is a direct link between some human resource practices and organisational performance across all organisations and under all conditions (Lengnick-Hall, Lengnick-Hall, Andrade, and Drake, 2009: 68) and are concerned with ‘best practice’. Contingency theories reject the universal applicability of human resource practices, therefore supposing that the relationship between them and performance will differ depending on various external and internal factors and influences. Configurational theories suggest that the impact of strategic HRM on organisational performance is dependent on the use of an effective combination of interconnected human resource practices. This provides a useful framework for closer examination of the link between theory and practice. Universalistic Theory: In relation to the universalistic theory, the current literature provides much empirical evidence for a direct and linear link between strategic HRM and a positive impact on organisational performance (Boselie, Dietz and Boon, 2005: 67; Combs, Liu, Hall and Ketchen, 2006: 501; Katou and Budhwar, 2006: 1248; Stavrou, Brewster and Charalambous, 2010: 952). In their study of the retail industry, Chuang and Liao (2010: 185) concluded there was a clear link between strategic HRM and performance. They found that human resource practices can facilitate a â€Å"climate of concern† for both customers and employees which subsequently encourages employees to work well with their customers and co-workers which is essential in achieving higher levels of market performance. However the specific ways in which human resource practices impact on organisational outcomes are not always clear and their level of impact has been subject to criticism. Whilst there is strong  evidence to support the view that universal ‘best practices’ provide a strong foundation for strategic HRM, other factors need to be considered in order to achieve a higher level of performance. (Lengnick-Hall, Lengnick-Hall, Andrade, and Drake, 2009: 68). Despite the volume of evidence to suggest the contrary, there is also an increasing consensus in the current literature amongst researchers that human resource practices themselves do not directly impact on performance. Instead, it is suggested that they merely influence resources, such as the human capital, or how employees behave, and it is these, rather than the practices themselves, that subsequently lead to performance. (Katou and Budhwar, 2006: 1224). The ability to influence through strong leadership plays an important role in helping employees to be aware of the sets of HR best practices. These best practices need the support of top-level managers to adopt them in the first place, which in turn will greatly influence the buy-in from the rest of the employees in the organization. If these so called ‘best practices’ are mainly from the perspective of top management and shareholders, while there is no room for employees’ voices to be heard, the theoretical aspect of strategic HRM will not work. In their study of performance and strategic HRM in Call Centres across the UK, Wood, Holman and Stride (2006: 120) found very limited support for the human resource-performance relationship and identified inconsistent results across practices and performance. Furthermore, in other research conducted by Hesketh and Fleetwood (2006: 678), they conclude that â€Å"the empirical evidence for the existence of an HRM–performance link is inconclusive†. In real life, companies may need to respond to external pressures which creates problems of treating employees with consistency of treatment, especially over time and may cause problems of retaining good and loyal staff. Simply developing the appropriate HR practices in theory will not be enough because HR advantages also depend on how these practices are implemented on the ground. For example, an organisation that focuses on the well-being of their employees in an economic recession or times of increased competition may be forced to decide between commitment to employees and a need to cut costs, restructure or lay-offs in order to stay solvent. Therefore, looking for a link between HR practices and performance is a futile effort because the main focus needs to be on the relationship between policy, practices, processes, implementation  and performance. This is a huge effort that is not easily and practically achieved in many organisations today. Contingency Theory: In relation to the contingency theory described by Gooderham, Parry and Ringdal (2008: 2042), whereby the relationship between strategic HRM practices and performance is said to vary according to different external and internal factors and contextual variables, there is some support. Internal influences identified in the literature include factors such as technology, structure and size of the organisation and business strategy, and external influences include factors such as the legal, social and political environment (Lengnick-Hall, Lengnick-Hall, Andrade, and Drake, 2009: 66). For instance, within Wal-Mart, those in charge of logistics have extremely valuable and unique skills, much more so than the average sales associate. On the other hand, at Nordstrom’s, because customer service is important, sales associate skills are more critical to the strategy than those of the logistics employees. Indeed Godard (2010: 466) argues that a key criticism of the current research around strategic HRM practices is its failure to pay sufficient systematic attention to these variables and to the impact that historical, institutional and socioeconomic conditions may have had on human resource practices over time. Similarly, Hueslid and Becker (2001: 427) suggest that whilst the nature of work and organisations has undergone considerable change over the past two decades, the practice of strategic HRM has changed much less and this failure to adapt and be flexible has a direct impact on how well it works in practice and how much influence it has on organisational performance. Relating to this, Kim (2010: 42) asserts that understanding employees’ expectations for their work environment is fundamental to developing successful human resource practices including expectations around merit awards, promotion and career development opportunities and organisational rules. Critics of the contingency theory approach, however, suggest that whilst the arguments surrounding it build a theoretical foundation that is more solid that that of the universalistic approach, the evidence of its effectiveness in practice does not reach the same level of statistical validity. (Martin-Alcazar, Romero-Fernandez and Sanchez-Gardey, 2005: 636). Configurational Theory: Finally, with regard to the third theory proposed by Gooderham, Parry and Ringdal (2008: 2042), there appears to be a strong evidence base of support in the current literature for configurational theory. This theory suggests that the impact of strategic HRM is dependent on the effective combination of a range of interrelated and multi-dimensional practices that must work well with one another in order to achieve positive performance outcomes. In their study of strategic HRM and organisational development in British manufacturing firms, De Menezes, Wood and Gelade (2010: 468), concur with this and argue that strategic HRM only has the ability to achieve multiple goals and higher organisational performance, when it is fully integrated with other practices. Similarly, Boxall and Purcell (2000: 186) note that too often there remains a marked tendency in organisations to view human resource practices as an end in themselves, rather than as integral to the organisation and they are therefore are not appropriately linked in to one another and to other management practices, which subsequently impacts on how effectively they operate. The role and skills of human resource practitioners has also been the subject of much research in relation to what impact they have in making strategic HRM work in practice. Some commentators suggest that in order for practices to be effective, practitioners need to possess key strategic skills and core abilities including a high level of knowledge about the business and the environment in which it operates, organisational effectiveness skills, and conflict management skills (Ingham, 2010: 32). Furthermore, Van Buren, Greenwood and Sheehan (2011: 210) propose that the duality of roles that human resource practitioners have historically played, as both employer representatives and as employee advocates, has led to complications and may impact on how effective human resource management is in practice. They go on to suggest that human resource managers face pressures to emphasise employer goals, and often this impacts negatively on their role of advocating for employee welfare, and that they are constrained by demands of their managers and the organisational cultures in which they operate. (2011: 211). Related to this, another feature of the current literature is how  human resource practices are implemented and by whom within organisations. The evidence suggests that rather than being seen as a ‘specialist’ role, much of the work around human resource practice is increasingly being delegated to middle managers to implement. Critics of this approach suggest that these managers are not equipped with the essential skills and time needed to effectively implement strategic HRM. Growing workloads and rising expectations of their roles have increased tensions within their position as middle managers, with their perception that they do not have the time or resources to effectively manage their staff (McConville and Holden, 1999: 406). In a study of line manager involvement in human resource practice in the NHS, Currie and Proctor (2001: 53) found that line managers are important to strategic change within the organisation when given discretion to implement human resource strategies within their own teams. However, managers may not place the same value on strategic HRM, and managers are much more reactive than proactive, and are not likely to prioritise human resource issues unless any problems associated with them become critical. Many managers in today’s organisations are more task oriented because of the demands of multi-tasking, while ideally they should be spending most of their time really managing their staff and departments. This may not be entirely their fault because many organisations today are often dominated by cost-benefit analysis and talk a lot about trade-offs rather than the emotional and mental well-being of their employees. Another key feature of the literature is associated with the methodological challenges that exist in assessing to what extent strategic HRM theory works in practice. These challenges arise from the lack of a single agreed definition or list of human resource practices or systems to measure the relationship between strategic HRM and organisational performance (Paauwe, 2009: 136). The absence of this means that performance may only be ascribed to the specific effects of single interventions rather than measured as a whole. It has been recognised that the development and evaluation of a more comprehensive model demonstrating a causal link between strategic HRM and performance is needed. (Huselid and Becker, 2011: 422). Wright and McMahan (2011: 95) propose that there are three key measures that exist whereby the effectiveness of human capital and therefore human resource practices can be  measured. These include: subjective measures such as employee perceptions; proxy measures which are used as alternatives where aspects of practice are difficult to quantify; and direct assessments which involves measuring tangible factors such as levels of academic attainment of employees or productivity. However, they acknowledge that these measures are not necessarily easy to implement and that all pose challenges for those wanting to research and measure the effectiveness of human resource practices. Others argue that any measures of the impact of strategic HRM and human resource practices are at high risk of bias and misinterpretation and any results relating to this should therefore be treated with caution (Gardner and Wright, 2009: 68). Conclusion: The purpose of this paper is not to ignore the importance of Strategic Human Resource Management theories and the benefits it brings to organisations’ competitive advantage. The studies put in by many renowned theorists seemed to show that there is indeed a link between well executed Human Resource policies and strategies with organizational performance: Table 1: Outcomes of research on the link between HR and organizational performance. Source: Michael Armstrong (2006). Strategic Human Resource Management: A Guide to Action. Kogan Page. London. p. 73-74 The current research literature provides a very mixed view of how well the theory of strategic HRM works in practice. Whilst some studies provide convincing evidence to point to a direct causal link with strategic HRM and high organisational performance, others provide equally compelling evidence to suggest that there is no link and in some cases, even a negative correlation with good performance. In addition, many studies suggest that there are a wide range of variables which impact on how effectively the theory of strategic HRM translates into practice, and which make it difficult to differentiate the impact of strategic HRM from other management activities, and other factors including internal and external organisational pressures and drivers, the type and size of the organisation, and the skill base and strategic placement of human resource management related roles  within the organisation. It also depends on whether the organisation has the capability and the skilled resources to communicate and implement the HR strategies across all level in the organisation. For example, from top management to department heads or from line managers to service staff as well as interactions between departments and employees. The issue is additionally problematic when combined with the lack of consensus on the measures to be used to assess the impact of strategic HRM on performance. A major challenge for Strategic Human Resource Management in the near future is to is to establish a clear and consistent construct for organisational performance. Despite the strong theoretical grounds for believing that strategic HRM should be beneficial for organisational performance, the evidence in practice is ambiguous. Strategic HRM is a complex and ever evolving process and given the contesting evidence and the lack of agreed metrics, the debate around whether or not strategic HRM works in practice will continue on. One aspect of this debate, however, where there does seem to be consensus, is around the need for further research in this area, and perhaps only with this, can the debate ever be truly settled. Reference List Boselie, P., Dietz, G., and Boon, C. (2005) â€Å"Commonalities and contradictions in HRM and performance†, Human Resource Management Journal, Vol. 15 (1), pp. 67–94. Boxall, P. and Purcell, J. (2000) â€Å"Strategic Human Resource Management: where have we come from and where should we be going?† International Journal of Management Reviews, Vol. 2 (2), pp. 183-203. Chuang, C.H. and Liao, H. (2010) â€Å"Strategic Human Resource Management in Service Context: Taking Care of Business by Taking Care of Employees and Customers†, Personnel Psychology, Vol. 63, pp. 153-196. Currie, G. and Procter, S. (2001) â€Å"Exploring the Relationship between HR and Middle Managers†, Personnel Review, Vol. 11 (3), pp. 53-69. De Menezes, L.M., Wood, S. and Gelade, G. (2010) â€Å"The integration of human resource and operation management practices and its link with performance: A longitudinal latent class study†, Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 28, pp. 455-471. Edgar, F. and Geare, A. (2005). â€Å"HRM practice and employee attitudes: Different measures – different results†, Personnel Review, Vol. 34 (5), pp. 534-549. Godard, J. (2010) â€Å"What Is Best for Workers? â€Å"The Implications of Workplace  and Human Resource Management Practices Revisited†, Industrial Relations, Vol. 49 (3), pp. 466-488. Gooderham, P., Parry, E. and Ringdal, K. (2008) â€Å"The impact of bundles of strategic human resource management practices on the performance of European firms†, The International Journal of Human Resource Management†, Vol. 19 (11), pp. 2041-2056. Gould-Williams, J. and Davies, F. (2005). â€Å"Using social exchange theory to predict the effects of HRM practice on employee outcomes†, Public Management Review, Vol. 7 (1), pp. 1-24. Hathorn, M. (2012) Human Capital Challenges and Priorities, Optimis Human Capital Management: Switzerland. Katou, A.A. and Budhwar, P.S. (2006) â€Å"Human resource management systems and organizational performance: a test of a mediating model in the Greek manufacturing context†, International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 17 (7), pp.1223-1253. Lengnick-Hall, M.L., Lengnick-Hall, C.A., Andrade, L.S. and Drake, B. (2009) â€Å"Strategic human resource management: The evolution of the field†, Human Resource Management Review, Vol. 19, pp. 64-85. Marescaux, E., De Winne, S. and Sels, L. (2010) HRM practices and work outcomes: The role of basic need satisfaction, Research Centre for Organisation Studies: Belgium. Martin-Alcazar, F., Romero-Fernandez, P.M. and Sanchez-Gardey, G. (2005) â€Å"Strategic human resource management: integrating the universalistic, contingent, configurational and contextual perspectives†, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 16 (5), pp. 633-659. McConville, T. and Holden, L. (1999) The filling in the sandwich: HRM and middle managers in the health sector, Personnel Review, Vol. 28 (5/6), pp.406–424. Stavrou, E.T., Brewster, C. and Charalambous, C. (2010) â€Å"Human resource management and firm performance in Europe through the lens of business systems: best fit, best practice or both?†, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 21 (7), pp. 933-962. Van Buren III, H.J., Greenwood, M. and Sheehan, C. (2011) â€Å"Strategic human resource management and the decline of the employee focus†, Human Resource Management Review, Vol. 21, pp. 209-219. Wood, S., Holman, D. and Stride, C. (2006) â€Å"Human Resource Management and Performance in UK Call Centres†, British Journal of Industrial Relations, Vol. 44 (1), pp. 99-124. Wright, P.M. and McMahan, G.C. (2011) â€Å"Exploring human capital: putting human back into strategic human resource management†, Human Resource Management Journal, Vol. 21 (2), pp. 93-104.

My Philosophy On Education :: Educational Teaching Teachers Essays

My Philosophy On Education Deciding on a career may be a hard decision for some people, but for me, it was easy. I have always known that I was going to be a teacher. There have been a variety of methods for teaching and learning introduced to me and I have developed my philosophy on education from them. Even though there have been many procedures presented to me related to education, only a few have facilitated me in choosing the way I plan to teach. My family is very education-oriented and education has always been an important asset in my life as well. So, I have always strove to learn and work hard for good grades during my school years. Many of my family members have graduated in the top portion of their classes. Most of them later worked for the board of education or went on to college to become a teacher. Since I have always been excited to learn and I loved school, as well as my teachers, I knew that being a teacher would be the best career for me. There are many things I would like to accomplish while I am a teacher. As a teacher, first of all, I hope to be as inspiring and encouraging like many of the teachers I had. Second, I want to make learning fun, but thought provoking. The third thing is that I would like to assist the students in comprehending what they are learning, not just to memorize the material. And, last, I want the students to want to come to school and have the longing to deepen their knowledge. For my students, I expect them to develop an understanding of knowledge. I believe in the principle of progressivism where education should be an on going and productive process. Therefore, I want my students to grasp this concept and always be willing to learn. I support the behaviorist’s view that the environment shapes and influences people. This theory goes into consideration with Rousseau’s theory that children mature through stages, when developing an environment suitable for the grade level a person is teaching. The curriculum should be focused on the student’s needs and how they learn best. There are a variety of methods of teaching that I will use that I believe are important.

The Scientific Method

Dianna Baldwin SCI 230 The Scientific Method The first step in the scientific method is to observe. When you are observing you are discovering what is going on around you. The second step in the scientific method is question. To question one must make an attempt to explain the observation that was made. The next step in the scientific method is making a hypothesis. A hypothesis is made to predict a solution and an outcome. The fourth step in the scientific method is making a prediction. When making a prediction you are indicating the outcome. Next is the conclusion.The conclusion details the findings of the testing. This then leads to the final step which is the results. The results are whether your findings based on the hypothesis are supported or refuted. In the activity I applied the steps of the scientific method by observing what was said in the captions and what was happening in the picture. I then had to question what was going on with my observation. I then made a hypothesis and tested the hypothesis and made a prediction. Then based on the outcome of the testing I found the conclusion and gathered the results.A real – life situation that I have used the scientific method would be when I flipped the light switch the light did not come on. I observed the light did not come on when I turned it on. I then questioned what may be the problem. Is it a burnt out bulb or something more complex. I then made a hypothesis on what I thought the problem was. My best guess was the light bulb was burnt out. I predicted that if I change the light bulb and put in a new one it would work just fine. I changed the light bulb and it was indeed burnt out. My hypothesis was supported. The Scientific Method The scientific method is a hypothesis-driven process of inquiry. The goal is to ask and answer scientific questions by making observations and doing experiments. This week we were asked to complete the scientific method activity on the student website. I participated in both experiments, but I found the car experiment to be a bit more of a challenge. I had to apply the steps of the scientific method several times before I finally arrived at a resolution. The Car Experiment. The car experiment began with an observation; something is wrong with the vehicle because it will not start. In an effort to explain my observation I ask the question; â€Å"Why won’t the vehicle start? † There could be a number of reasons why the vehicle will not start, so the next step is to hypothesize the solution and outcome. The website provided us with the following 3 hypotheses: 1. The car needs fluids. 2. The car battery is not working. 3. There are electrical problems. The next step is to make a prediction. I predicted that the vehicle must have an issue with the battery. I chose this hypothesis first, because it is not uncommon for someone to leave a dome light on and accidently drain their battery. While it is not uncommon to run out of fuel, I did not select this answer because in this day and age most vehicle owners keep an eye on their fuel levels to ensure that they have an adequate amount for the next day. The conclusion details the findings of your prediction. In this case the vehicle’s battery was fine. The results tie back into my hypothesis. The result was refuted, and I must now begin the process from the top to find the correct scientific method to remedy the problem. I had to repeat the scientific method 3 times until I found the solution to my problem. The vehicle had faulty electrical issues, and once the fuses were replaced it started right up. A real-life problem that I could use the scientific method to solve is a problem I have been having recently with my new vacuum. It is less than 3 months old and it has been acting strangely. I can use it one day for an hour without any problems, and two days later I can turn it on but it will only work for 3 or 4 minutes before shutting off. The steps that I would take to solve the problem are: 1. Make an Observation 2. Question: â€Å"Why is my vacuum not working properly? † 3. Thesis: Develop a hypothesis about why the vacuum may be acting strangely. It has electrical problems. It is clogged. It is faulty and I should contact the manufacturer. 4. Prediction 5. Conclusion 6. Results The Scientific Method The Scientific Method Hands-On Labs, Inc. Version 42-0130-00-01 Lab Report Assistant This document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report. The Lab Report Assistant is simply a summary of the experiment’s questions, diagrams if needed, and data tables that should be addressed in a formal lab report. The intent is to facilitate students’ writing of lab reports by providing this information in an editable file which can be sent to an instructor. Observations Data Table 1: Scientific Method Data Unknown Sample Number #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 Hypothesis:Coffee Potting soilBrown sugarBaby powderFlowerBaking powderColor:Dark brown Old copper(sepia, maroon)Light BrownWhiteWhiteWhite Texture:It’s coarse& fragile particleVery coarse and grittyThe particle is sticky and a bit grittyVery Soft particle &silkyVery softVery soft Shape:In general, it’s coarse-grainedNot regularCoarse-grainedVery fine. It’s difficult to look in detailCoarse-grainedC oarse-grained Smell:It’s totally coffeeNo smell or a faint scant Sweet tasteVery nice. It’s just delicate baby smellNo smellNo smell Soluble:SolubleInsolubleSolubleSolubleSolubleSoluble Density:The dense is less than baby powder(0. 182 g/cm3)Little dense/it’s similar as #6(0. g/cm3)Low dense (0. 467 g/cm3)High dense (0. 867 g/cm3)It’s similar as #6 (0. 454 g/cm3)It’s similar as #5 (0. 5 g/cm3) Conclusion:CoffeePotting soilBrown sugarBaby powderFlowerBaking powder Data Table 2: Calculating Density of Unknown Samples U nk no wn S a m p l e Number Mass of full vial & bag (g) Mass of empty vial & bag (g) Mass of unknown sample (g) Volume (cm3) Density (g/cm3) #12. 0g1. 8g0. 2g1. 1 cm30. 182 #22. 5g1. 8g0. 7g1. 4 cm30. 5 #32. 5g1. 8g0. 7g1. 5 cm30. 467 #43. 0g1. 8g1. 2g1. 5 cm30. 867 #52. 3g1. 8g0. 5g1. 1 cm3 cm30. 454 #62. 5g1. 8g0. 7g1. 4 cm30. 5 The Scientific Method The Scientific Method is a complex, yet simple process. It was designed to help scientist and every day people who face problems come up with a logical and tested solution. According to authors Pruitt and Underwood (2006), The Scientific Method is defined as â€Å"the set of procedures that form the rational approach to studying the natural world. † This method can be applied to something dealing with science or something that deals with everyday life. In the below paragraphs, this writer will explain the scientific method and how it was used to achieve results in a web-based experiment as well as a real life situation. This writer would begin the web-based experiment by researching and discover why plants grow towards the light. Once the results of the search are gathered, this writer would produce a hypothesis. The possible hypothesis is; plants grow toward the light because it is a critical part of the process known as Photosynthesis. This writer’s prediction is that if a plant is placed to grow near a window, the plant will lean toward the light. For the experiment, this writer would put three plants on a table with a window to the left of them and three plants on a table with a window to the right of them. Over the course of three weeks, this writer will observe and document the plants reaction to the light coming through the window. After careful review of the information documented, this writer can safely conclude that the plants with the window to the right of them, grew bent toward the light and the plants with the window to the left of them grew bent toward the light. This information does support my hypothesis that plants grow toward the light to help with the Photosynthesis process. There were many problems that this writer could have tested, but decided to test the most important one of all. This writer’s daughter is at the stage in her life where she is taking off her pamper, but refuses to become potty trained. What is causing this? Not unlike other parents and scientists, this question came from a problem that needed a solution. Through personal experimentation as well as information compiled through secondary sources, this writer came up with effective ways to potty train their daughter properly. While observing the child, this writer noted that whenever the child needed to use the bathroom, she would cross her legs. After the child would receive some type of drink, approximately 20 minutes, she would again start to cross her legs. It became very apparent that the child was very ready to become potty trained. Through these observations, this writer produced her hypothesis. If this writer puts the child on the pot 20 minutes after she ingests any type of drink, the child will gradually become potty trained. This writer tried this method of potty training for two days. During those days, the child did successfully use the pot at the times this writer put her on it, but the child still had accidents on herself. With this information, this writer concluded that their methods were unsuccessful. This writer researched potty training techniques to construct a new hypothesis. According to the Mayo Clinic website (1998-2011), â€Å"when you notice signs that your child may need to use the toilet- such as squirming, squatting or holding the genital area- respond quickly. Once the child successfully uses the toilet, there should be some type of praise. Some people use stickers on a chart and others give special treats such as candy or an extra bedtime story (Infant and toddler health, 1998-2011). With using these techniques as well as cutting off all liquids that the child receives at eight o’ clock every day, this writer has found that the child has not had a day time potty accident in t hree days. Consistent monitoring of children while actively trying to potty train is the most important thing to do if successful results are desired. While potty training is no small feat, each parent who tackles this task knows that not every parent is the same and not all methods work for every child. This is something that will be learned on a case-by-case base. While the two experiments conducted are drastically different, they are both similar in the way that they both followed the Scientific Method. With a sound hypothesis and a thirst for knowledge, using the Scientific Method will always provide valid results backed by science. References Potty training: How to get the job done. (1998-2011). Infant and toddler health. Retrieved on March 24, 2011 from http://www. mayoclinic. com/health/potty-training/CC00060 Pruitt, N. L. , & Underwood, L. S. (2006). Bioinquiry: Making connections in biology (3rd ed. ). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Stein Carter, J. (1996). The Scientific Method. Retrieved on March 24, 2011 from http://biology. clc. uc. edu/courses/bio104/sci_meth. htm The Scientific Method The Scientific Method Hands-On Labs, Inc. Version 42-0130-00-01 Lab Report Assistant This document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report. The Lab Report Assistant is simply a summary of the experiment’s questions, diagrams if needed, and data tables that should be addressed in a formal lab report. The intent is to facilitate students’ writing of lab reports by providing this information in an editable file which can be sent to an instructor. Observations Data Table 1: Scientific Method Data Unknown Sample Number #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 Hypothesis:Coffee Potting soilBrown sugarBaby powderFlowerBaking powderColor:Dark brown Old copper(sepia, maroon)Light BrownWhiteWhiteWhite Texture:It’s coarse& fragile particleVery coarse and grittyThe particle is sticky and a bit grittyVery Soft particle &silkyVery softVery soft Shape:In general, it’s coarse-grainedNot regularCoarse-grainedVery fine. It’s difficult to look in detailCoarse-grainedC oarse-grained Smell:It’s totally coffeeNo smell or a faint scant Sweet tasteVery nice. It’s just delicate baby smellNo smellNo smell Soluble:SolubleInsolubleSolubleSolubleSolubleSoluble Density:The dense is less than baby powder(0. 182 g/cm3)Little dense/it’s similar as #6(0. g/cm3)Low dense (0. 467 g/cm3)High dense (0. 867 g/cm3)It’s similar as #6 (0. 454 g/cm3)It’s similar as #5 (0. 5 g/cm3) Conclusion:CoffeePotting soilBrown sugarBaby powderFlowerBaking powder Data Table 2: Calculating Density of Unknown Samples U nk no wn S a m p l e Number Mass of full vial & bag (g) Mass of empty vial & bag (g) Mass of unknown sample (g) Volume (cm3) Density (g/cm3) #12. 0g1. 8g0. 2g1. 1 cm30. 182 #22. 5g1. 8g0. 7g1. 4 cm30. 5 #32. 5g1. 8g0. 7g1. 5 cm30. 467 #43. 0g1. 8g1. 2g1. 5 cm30. 867 #52. 3g1. 8g0. 5g1. 1 cm3 cm30. 454 #62. 5g1. 8g0. 7g1. 4 cm30. 5

How Recent Japanese Boys Are Getting Femininize Essay

The recent male Japanese gender identity is so unique in the same way as their culture. Most of them are fashionable and they always care about their hairstyles just like girls, and desire to be skinny. The reason why they look so feminine is not just because they want to become a Kabuki Onnagata actors. There is a controversial reason. Since the women are getting a bigger part in the society, Japanese gender roles have drastically changed. Previously in Japan, women used to be expected to follow men and learn house works to get married with men who are introduced by parents or marriage meeting. However, as women’s rate increased in the company, men more and more feel small. As women has got more money and free time, the media started to illustrate their desire. If they have the high expectation for men, guys tried to fill up it. This is the beginning of the system where guys follow the women’s expectations, and recently it is distorting Japanese male identity. Women’s expectations for men cause the disturbance of masculinity, and especially the medias emphasis the distort the images of male identity. The media always represents the value of the current people, and especially recent Japanese media is inclined to the women’s opinions, and it distorts gender identity. Recent Japanese guys are so feminine. Whenever you walk around a city, you can find guys who are wearing skinny jeans, or guys who have long hair like girls. You can even find guys wearing girls’ clothes. To describe those guys, there are a lot of slangs words, such as â€Å"Sousyoku-kei-danshi†, â€Å"Otokono-ko†, â€Å"Jyosoushi†, â€Å"Oto-men†, and so on. Sousyoku-kei danshi† means herbivore men who do not act aggressively and they favor the peace in the group, so they don’t have interest in girls, love, and they even don’t want to make love. There is a ranking research for asking them why you don’t have girl friends. The popular reasons are that â€Å"they want to enjoy their time†, â€Å"they are satisfied with current situations†, â€Å"troublesome†, â€Å" because of shyness†, â€Å" feeling easy with guys†, and so on. Thus, they are negative for not only girls but also other things. It’s kind of similar as herbivore animals, so they are named like this. For them, violence is not real and they hate to compete with people, so they don’t work out like other counties’ guy want to become muscular. Instead, they believe working out is a gay’s work, and good men should be skinny to wear fashionable clothes. They have grown up in the resection, so they don’t desire luxuries. If someone show off the richness the they would look down on the Off course there are opinions that the economic situation and education influence their value to live. While Japanese young people used to consume cars, brand products and travel to overseas during bubble era, current youth do not desire these things because they have shifted value. Previously Japanese youth wanted to emphasize richness, so they bought expensive products as if they were competing, but that is considered as stupid now because recent young people want average things. They are not good at competing with others and do not want to be distinguished from others because they experienced how much it scares to been left out. For example, the media has exposed the decline of big stars. Most poplar actress, hottest athlete and other famous talents are charged just because they made a slip of a tongue. They treat them as criminal. Moreover, once comedians become popular and are shown on too many programs, audience tend to want them to disappear. Not only the other world, they also have watched the real life bullies. That is why they do not behave like muscular guy, and cherish the cooperativeness with others. That is what girls have expected to have in Japan. education also affect their value. Japanese young generations are lacking the competitive spirit because Japanese have gotten a more relaxed education since the 1980’s, which means setting high price on the individualistic value. this education system is influenced by America because Japanese education system was too competitive. They had memorized text as much as possible to pass the entrance test for university. To improve such machine like education and prize the individual value, they needed the system that makes students have their own opinions and take more time to discuss how to solve problems around them. However, it didn’t work because Japanese people are culturally passive, so few people make statements in classroom, as a result, while the amount of the words which students have to memorize decrease, they came not to consider, as a result, the system just cut off the amount of study. Furthermore, it becomes easy to go to university because the traditional entrance test become easy, 50% student pass the entrance test only by the interview. Which is not enough to explain the reason why Japanese guys are motivated to be feminine or skinny. However, those facts do not directly influence the gender identity because they still have money if they live with family and Japanese schools still have traditional gender treatment for each boys and girls. The media is the most influential factor to distort the male role in Japan, and drama is one of the good sources to know how different the gender role is. Traditionally Japanese TV love dramas illustrate the trend of each age, so if it’s compared up to each age, it’s easy to understand the value for the era. In the bubble age, the heroes had longing jobs, such as advertising, travel agency, or someone who works at oversea, and story is about the love affairs of a group of several characters. Most women admire life in the drama and fashion of female role, and they desire to have same one or try to find those guys who can purchase it for them. At that time they expected guys to economic force, and they thought guys should have the competitive power, so that was common like other countries. However, some women started to be suspicious about the masculinity because Japanese society was still male-dominated base, so it was not interesting for some. And then, they became to hope that the next generation or their kids to be more kind. Women’s expectations shifted from the masculinity to gentle conduct to females. Thus, the herbivore men generations started to be born. Fashion is the most the concern things in some people feel young generation feel they want to go drink or play around if they don’t have the good cloth Likewise the topic in the girls’ magazine, Japanese guys also interested in health and not only the talent Japanese male life is not also become feminine. I did not mean the discrimination, but just criticize the Japanese too much self-concerning. In the 80s, Japanese media used to show the Yankees or yakuza kind of stories on the drama, and that was a fundamental stereotype in Japan because people in that age still believed that the guys must be strong and male also dominated society. The representative drama is â€Å"School Wars†. The story is about that a former Japan national rugby team player hired as a high school rugby coach. However, the school is famous for the bad boys and especially the rugby kid’s were uncontrolled. The team straggles with a lot of problems and in the story, but finally the coach pulls the team together and won the high school national rugby tournament. That kind of story is so-called â€Å"spokon†, and this genre became a popular at the era because the story is quit simple and make audience refresh the mind. However, the some guys also admire those images on such a drama, so it let them go into juvenile delinquency, and it became a social issue. To prevent from such behavior, Japan broadcast committee came to make restrictions for violence scenes, so those dramas disappeared from the screen. At the same time the male gaze objectified women on screen, so there are so many comedy shows that describe the women naked on midnight. In the 90’s to early 00’s, Japanese media was drastically changed and the contents had became to reflect women’s request, so the popular genre shifted from â€Å"spokon† to love romance which is so-called â€Å"trendy-drama†. The stories look at the girl’s comics and got a large female audience. In this decade, a lot of women came into the society, so feminists and female employee criticized about the strongly male dominate society. Those dramas also illustrate the ideal women workers role, so that got support from women, and Japanese media gradually start leaning to the women side. Not only the dramas, the music shows also became popular because J-pop reached the peak of popularity, especially Johnny & Association, producing boys’ celebrity groups company, turn out many popular groups, and got the many funs, so the media producers learned that they can got huge viewers and sponsored instead of the actors if they have the acting skills or not. As a result, those good-looking celebrities dominated Japanese dramas, movies, or even music industry. At the same time, those body images threat people’s self esteem. It was raised as a social issue that Girls obsess with the dieting and desire to be thin, so it also caused the eating disorder. Current youth guys has grown up in this era and exposed those ideal models of new masculinity by the media, as a result appearance is spontaneously placed on their primary concerns. As Iida says â€Å"It was the development of an image/information oriented mode of capitalist economy of the 1990s that made the imaginative exploration of alternate selves, including the aesthetically sophisticated self-representation by young men, a highly desired economic practice. (2) People were motivated to imitate the behave of celebrities, so young generations takes it for granted to blush up their appearance to be attractive or popular in their class room. Since later 00’s, the image-oriented capitalism became hash and distorts body images, and especially guys are objectified as much as female objectification on the screen because the media producers change the strategies to get audience. TV stations basically depend on the advertising income, but sponsors do not offer the advertising cost because youth generations came not to watch TV compared to the 90’s young generation. Even thought drama story were written by originally until beginning of 90’s, most recent dramas are based on the girl’s comics because there are funs that already know the comic, so it’s easy to correct audience. Moreover, the girls comic stories usually appear a lot of hansom roles, and producers can adopt good looking celebrities who also have a large number of funs, so it can get viewers As a result, particular kind of fetishisms become to be represented in the drama. For example, â€Å"Ouran High School Host Club† is a drama, which visualized originally from popular girls comic. The story is about the official host club in boys school treat the patrons from girls school next to there. In such a daily life, character makes problems. The male characters are unique and created by the women’s fetish. Suou Tamaki is a selfish but good at to escort girls and categorized as an â€Å"Oujisama kei ikemen†, which means prince kind guy. Yusuke Yamamoto, a most popular young actor plays this role. His face is well organized and looks feminine, but girls regard him as neutral and adore. Mitukuni Haninostuka is also representative in this drama. He always has a rabbit dole and behaves like a girl, but it stimulates the maternity of girls. Although Yudai Chiba is a popular fashion model in the male magazine, but he paly this role because his face is so sophisticated and feminine. Even though this drama is for girls, both Yamamoto and Chiba are supported by male youth and they suggest those guys a new kind of masculinity that is leaning to famine side not only on the screen but also on the magazine. Guys who are sensitive for appearance imitate their fashions, behavior or life stile. That’s the major reason why Japanese youth are getting feminine. In later 00’s, this male objectification has started on the drama commercials or paper media also force them pay attention to their appearance. While Japanese commercials are traditionally celebrities make the products look good, the characters on the current commercials are different from a decade ago. The clients favor to use more neutral guys to promote their products. A typical example is that suits company, â€Å"Haruyama†, adopt AKB48 for their male suits commercial. The company considers that AKB48 is a Japanese most popular female group, so they can attract a lot of guys fun. At the same time, they wanted to highlight their thinness of suits by letting girls wear the male suits. What we can see this commercial is that how much Japanese guys desire to be thin or look slim. As I mention that, most of Japanese girls are stick to the skinny body images, but it’s not only women’s issues anymore. Japanese guys also want to be skinny because those who are recognized as an ideal guy is like a western looking just like girl’s comic represent. To the matter is worse, Japanese cosmetic company; publishing company or TV comedy shows have a promotion campaign, and exploit for them to come close to the images. For example, Rohto Pharmaceutical CO. , Ltd produce a many kinds of male cosmetics, and push the strong messages on commercials like â€Å" if you don’t use this, girls never come close to you†. The extreme campaign is that they force them to do whitening their skin just like women. This kind of objectification to guys as a female is often seen on the media. Magazines for men force them to be fashionable as much as girls do, and teach them how to deal with the male cosmetic products. At the one corner of popular TV comedy show, guys are dressed like women and compete how much they are beautiful even though they are not homosexual or transvestite. Iida mentions, â€Å"†¦the idea that the â€Å"feminisation of culture† leads to the â€Å"feminisation of masculinity† is an interesting proposition†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (3). Thus, Japanese society itself threat young guys to be clean, skinny or feminine. Japanese young men are looking for the new muscularity under the media pressure, women’s high expectations, and hyper pure society. As the media describe, the ideal parson is that he is tall, skinny, understanding what girls are thinking and having the flexibility to correspond to the social requirement. That model is rare or no exist case, but the media never stop exposing those ideal. To matter worse, Japanese are not good at to accept or discuss the extra ordinal thoughts. While that ideal mode is completely unusual or wrong, they are stick to it, so most of guys feel unconfident about themselves. They are lacking self-esteem, so they cannot be aggressive toward girls. They think they must be fashionable and keep cleanness wherever they go, but women do not so much care about the men’s appearance when they chose their partner. In fact, some of them are more likely to get marry with previous generation guys in 30’s to 40’s because their self-esteem is high enough to approach the women regardless of their appearance. If male appearance is the first priority for women to decide marriage, the young generation must superior to that generation. However, the fact is different. The thing is that women are more realistic than men. While they admire those who inside of the media, they know that is not real. That becomes variance for those guys wants to response to women’s demand. While elderly critic often argue about this issue, that was never understood by their generations because their generation was not complex as much as nowadays, so it stereotypically analyzed and label young guys as inferior new type, and make fun of them it just like a game. However, they should take it account that social expectations are shifted, and guys are expected to have more female role to coexist with women. The gender could not be easily judged by biological role in current complex society. â€Å"Sue Thornman claims that a â€Å"female person† holds a â€Å"doublesubjectivity† ;while â€Å"she represents herself to herself,† she also performs a role of another subject who â€Å"consciously creates, manipulates, and compensates for the figurability of an imaginary subject that projects cohesiveness as its founding assumption through a fictional body. â€Å"(5 Iida). To response to social demand, guys are just imitating the female behavior not because they actually wants to be a women, so the media should let them know it, and suggest how understand the female role and new male identity. In conclusion, distorted masculinity by the media make Japanese young guys hard to find appropriate model. Older generations also critici ze their constructing new way, so it makes more difficult issue. Most young generations get the complex from that reason, and they seem lack the self-esteem. However, those who suffer the issue must ignore what the media expose. Most Japanese people tend to believe that the media is truth because they used to follow the majority. As I mentioned, most Japanese people are disciplined not to have the individualistic opinions. In the class, it’s rare to be asked their opinions and only take the note what teachers are talking or writing on the board. As a result, they stick to one idea. They also lack the experience to acknowledge other cultures. They don’t know how fouling people observe themselves because majority of Japanese never been abroad. Japanese society is traditionally closed, so problems become too domestic. If it’s the U. S. people express the rejection to the media like Justin Bever is criticized as a gay singer. Even though minority people criticize about that on 2ch, those people are thought they are dropped from the main stream and are not persuasive because they hide their name. Anyway, to combat this issue, Japanese must be more flexible and reject to be brainwashed by the media.